美联社2013，12，30 猎豹网站直接翻译（供参考）
Retirement systems vary widely from country to country. In China, policymakers are just beginning to expand retirement benefits to everyone. In Australia, people have been compelled for years to save for their own retirements. Italy and Germany are raising retirement ages and cutting benefits.
Here's a look at retirement systems in key nations:
退休的系统有很大的不同，从国家到国家。在中国，政策制定者们刚刚开始扩大退休福利的人。在澳大利亚，人们被迫来保存为自己的退休。意大利和德国是提高退休年龄，削减福利。这里的关键国家的退休制度，看一看
— UNITED STATES:
The United States is struggling to finance its promises to future retirees. Social Security is the core of its system. Social Security payments are financed by a tax on both workers and employers. The payments average $1,269 a month. Two-thirds of retirees rely on Social Security for most of their income. Americans can collect as early as age 62 but don't receive the full benefit unless they wait later to collect — until age 66 for those born from 1943 through 1959 and age 67 for those born after. Many also rely on corporate pensions. But companies have been replacing them with 401(k)-style plans. These plans require employees to save and invest themselves. But many who are eligible for 401(k) or similar plans don't enroll in them, contribute too little or raid their accounts before retirement.
美国：美国正在努力资助其承诺未来退休者。社会保障是该系统的核心。社会保障金的工人和雇主税收资助。平均每月1269美元的付款。三分之二的退休人员依靠的大部分收入，社会保障。美国人可以收集早在62岁的时候却没有得到充分的益处除非他们稍后再收集-直到66岁的出世从1943到1959和67岁的出世后。许多人也依赖于企业年金。但公司已经取代他们的401（k）式的计划。这些计划需要员工自己的储蓄和投资。但许多人有资格为401（k）或类似的计划，不要参加他们的贡献太少，他们的账户或RAID退休前
— CHINA:
China's population is aging rapidly. That has left a shortage of working-age people to pay into the pension system. For now, the retirement system remains generous for most city dwellers. Urban workers pay 8 percent of their income toward retirement; their employers add 20 percent. The pensions equal about half of pre-retirement income. Men are eligible for pensions at 60, women at 50 to 55. Only about half of adults are covered by the urban pensions or similar pensions that are available to government workers. In 2009, China introduced a pension plan for rural areas. But it's barely begun. And it pays rural retirees an average of just $12 a month. Policymakers are considering raising the retirement age for urban workers. China tightly regulates investing, making it difficult for workers to put money in riskier investments that offer higher returns and the potential to build significant retirement savings. China is reviewing ways to ease investment restrictions.
中国：中国人口老龄化速度很快。这留下了一个不足，工作年龄的人支付退休金制度。现在，退休制度是慷慨的大多数城市居民。城镇职工工资收入的百分之8退休的；他们的雇主增加百分之20。养老金与退休前收入的一半。人到60养老金的资格，女性在50到55。只有约一半的人被城市养老金或类似的养老金是提供给政府工作人员。2009，介绍了中国农村养老计划。但这仅仅是开始。它支付的农村退休人员平均每月12美元。政策制定者们正考虑对城市工人提高退休年龄。中国严格管理的投资，这使得工人把钱放在风险投资提供更高的回报率和建立有效的退休储蓄的潜在困难。中国正在放松投资限制的方式
— JAPAN:
An aging Japan is struggling to finance the retirement of its baby boom generation. It has a three-part system: Workers receive a flat-rate pension of about 66,000 yen ($657) a month from a fund partially financed by worker contributions. They also receive a second pension based on their earnings, financed entirely by their contributions. And they can contribute to additional plans that are voluntary. They can collect the flat-rate pension after contributing for 25 years; they become eligible for a full benefit after 40 years. The flat-rate and earnings-based pensions combined replace an average of only about 25 percent of pre-retirement income. Many older Japanese, who had lifetime jobs with good benefits, have accumulated hefty savings. But younger workers, who came of age amid a sluggish economy and corporate cutbacks, are struggling to save.
日本：日本老龄化在金融的婴儿潮一代退休。它有一三个部分：工人得到66000日元的扁平率的退休金（657美元）从一个基金的捐赠资助部分工人一个月。他们也接受基于他们收入第二养老金，完全由他们资助的捐款。他们可以是自愿的额外的计划。他们可以在25年收集的扁平率的贡献养老金；他们成为合格的全受益40年后。扁平率和收入的组合基础养老金替代只有约百分之25的平均退休前的收入。许多日本老年人福利好，一生的工作，积累了大量储蓄。但年轻的工人，谁是年龄在疲软的经济和企业削减，正努力拯救
— GERMANY:
Germany's retirement system is generous for many, but getting less so. The post-World War II economic boom financed comfortable retirements. The system still provides the bulk of income for retired people — about 70 percent as of 2010. Germans can retire with a full pension at 65, though the age is gradually rising. People born after 1964 face a retirement age of 67. The system replaces 58 percent of average take-home pay. The pensions are funded by a payroll tax with no investment assets backing the government's promises — a so-called pay-as-you-go system. Pensions are tied to earnings during a person's working years. But the formula now reduces pension levels as the ratio of retirees to workers rises. There's an additional benefit that serves as a safety net for very low-income retirees. Many people who work for major employers also have company-based pensions.
德国：德国的退休制度是慷慨的为多，但越来越少。第二次世界大战后的经济繁荣提供舒适的退休。系统还提供了大部分的收入为退休的人-约百分之70为2010。德国人在65全额养老金退休，虽然年龄逐渐上升。人出世1964面在67岁退休。该系统取代了百分之58的平均实得工资。养老金是由一个没有投资资产支持政府的承诺-所谓的“现收现付制工资税资助。养老金与收入在一个人的工作年限。但是公式现在降低养老金水平为退休工作比起来。有一个额外的好处，作为非常低收入退休人员的安全网。很多人工作的主要的雇主也有公司基础养老金
— FRANCE:
Older French workers who want to retire early have a good deal: The minimum age for a full pension for most of them is just 62 as long as they've contributed to the system for at least 41.5 years. France has a tax-funded pension and mandatory employer programs. A worker who earned France's median wage receives 60.8 percent of pre-retirement take-home pay. In October, France raised the contribution period to receive a full public pension from 41.5 to 43 years — but only after 2020. By then, most of France's baby boomers will have retired.
法国：法国老工人想提前退休，有一个很好的协议：对于大多数人全额养老金的最低年龄是62只要他们帮助系统至少41.5年。法国有一个税收资助的养老金和强制雇主计划。一个工人谁赢得了法国的工资中值接收退休前百分之60.8的税后工资。十月，法国提出的贡献期从41.5至43年全额养老金只有2020后。在那时，大多数法国的婴儿潮时期出生的人已经退休
— BRITAIN:
Britain's government pension system is designed to protect retirees from misery, not make them comfortable. British retirees receive just 38 percent of their income from government pensions, far less than German and Italian retirees; British retirees get 26 percent from company pensions. Britain has a multi-tier state pension system, funded by a payroll tax in which higher earners pay more. The first tier is a basic state pension. For someone who's contributed for a full 30 years or more, it equals 110.15 pounds ($177.34) a week. It's the same for all retirees regardless of how much they contributed. A so-called second state pension is supposed to reflect an employee's earnings more closely. Complicated? Yes. Pending legislation would create a single-tier state pension.
英国：英国政府的养老保险制度的目的是保障退休人员的痛苦，不让他们舒服。英国退休人员只有百分之38来自政府的养老金收入，远远低于德国和意大利的退休人员；英国退休人员得到了公司百分之26的养老金。英国有一个多层次的养老保险制度，由工资税中高收入者缴纳更多的。第一层是基本国家养老金。一个人整整30年或更多的贡献，它等于110.15磅（177.34美元）一周。它的所有相同的退休人员，不管他们有多大的贡献。所谓的第二国家养老金应该反映员工的业绩更紧密。复杂的？可以.悬而未决的立法会创建一个单级国家养老金
— BRAZIL:
Brazil is ranked second-best of 20 countries evaluated by the Center for Strategic and International Studies for maintaining retirees' incomes. But it's only No. 18 in its ability to pay for its retirement system over the long term. In the 1980s, Brazil introduced a generous government pension system before it became rich enough to afford one. The system is financed with a payroll tax; higher-paid workers contribute more. Brazilians need contribute for only 15 years to receive full benefits at age 65 (for men) or 60 (or women). Men can retire at 53 if they've contributed to the system for 30 years, women at age 48 if they've contributed for 25 years. For Brazilians who earned average wages, Brazil's pensions replace 97 percent of their old take-home pay, well above a 69 percent average for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Brazil will strain to pay those pensions as its population ages.
巴西：巴西是排名第二的最好的20个国家的战略和国际研究中心的维护离退休人员的收入评价。但这只是18号在其支付的长期系统的退休能力。在上世纪80年代，巴西推出了一个慷慨的政府养老金制度之前就有钱买得起。该系统是由工资税；收入较高的工人作出更大的贡献。巴西人只需要15年，在65岁时得到充分的利益贡献（男性）或60（或女人）。人可以在53岁退休是否已经为30年制，在48岁的妇女，如果他们已经25年了。谁挣平均工资的巴西人，巴西的养老金百分之97代替旧的实得工资，远高于经济合作与发展组织平均百分之69。巴西将支付退休金的应变随着人口老龄化
— ITALY:
Italy's state pension program used to offer generous benefits, but they've been gradually declining since 1995. Until a 2004 reform, Italians could retire with generous benefits as early as age 57. Austerity measures enacted in response to Italy's debt crisis will raise the retirement age to 66 by 2018. Pensions, along with other programs like unemployment benefits, are funded by taxes. Despite the cutbacks that will reduce pensions for future retirees, Italians still rely mostly on the state pension. There's been discussion of ways to prod people to save more by encouraging or requiring company-based pensions or private savings. Only about a quarter of Italians are covered by a company pension. Italians get 72 percent of their retirement income from the government.
意大利：意大利的养老金计划用于提供优厚的福利待遇，但他们逐渐下降，从1995开始。直到2004的意大利人能慷慨的福利改革，早在57岁时退休。紧缩措施应对意大利债务危机制定的2018将退休年龄提高到66。养老金，连同其他程序，如失业救济金，由税。尽管如此，将减少未来退休人员的养老金，意大利人仍主要依靠国家养老金。这是促使人们节约更多的鼓励或要求公司的基础养老金或私人储蓄的方法探讨。只有约四分之一的意大利人是由公司的养老金。意大利人从政府得到他们的退休收入的百分之72
— AUSTRALIA:
Australia's system is considered a model in ensuring that people save enough for retirement. A 1993 program requires employers to contribute an amount equal to 9.25 percent of a worker's income into a retirement fund. (The required contributions will rise to 12 percent by 2020.) Australians can't withdraw money in their accounts before retirement. Most Australians also receive a government pension financed from general tax revenue. In the Center for Strategic and International Studies' rankings of 20 countries' retirement systems, Australia is ranked fourth-best in ensuring comfortable incomes for its retirees. It is sixth-best in its ability to finance its system.
澳大利亚：澳大利亚的系统是确保人们存够退休模型。1993程序要求雇主提供相当于百分之9.25个工人的收入为退休基金。（所需的贡献将上升到百分之12，2020的澳大利亚人。）不能收回的钱在他们的帐户退休前。大多数澳大利亚人也收到来自一般税收资助的政府养老金。在战略和国际研究中心”的排名20的国家的退休制度，澳大利亚是在确保舒适的退休人员的收入排名第四。它是在其金融系统能力的最好第六
— SOUTH KOREA:
South Korea's retirement system is stingy and getting stingier. A government program pays benefits depending on average income and years of contributions. Full pensions are available at age 60; the age will rise to 65 by 2033. In 2008, the typical retiree could expect a government pension equal to half of average pre-tax earnings. But that figure is being gradually lowered to 40 percent in 2028. Employees and employers must contribute 4.5 percent of wages each toward retirement. The self-employed can choose to pay up to 9 percent. Companies also offer 401(k)-style pensions, severance packages or individual retirement accounts. Workers can receive both the government and employer plans. But many elderly South Koreans are struggling: They are living longer than they had expected and didn't save enough for old age. Many also counted on their children to care for them in retirement — a system that's breaking down as younger workers prefer to live on their own. The country has the developed world's highest poverty rate among the aged: 45.1 percent, compared with an average 13.5 percent for 30 countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
韩国：韩国的退休制度是吝啬的，小气的。政府计划支付的好处取决于贡献的收入和年平均。全额养老金在60岁的年龄将可用的；由2033上升到65。2008，典型的退休者可以期待一个等于平均税前收入一半的政府养老金。但这个数字正在逐步降低到百分之40 2028。雇员和雇主必须为每一对退休工资的百分之4.5。个体经营者可以选择支付高达百分之9。公司还提供401（k）式的养老金，离职或个人退休帐户。工人可以获得政府和雇主的计划。但许多年长的韩国人挣扎：他们的生活比他们预期的更长，没有储存足够的年龄。许多人也依靠子女养老退休-这是打破年轻人喜欢生活在他们自己的系统。该国拥有发达的世界上最高的贫困率：百分之45.1，老年人在经济合作与发展组织的30个国家平均百分之13.5的比较
— DENMARK:
Denmark offers a basic government pension and a supplementary benefit in which people receive less as their income rises. Government pensions are funded on a pay-as-you-go basis from tax revenue. There's also a government pension based on an individual's contributions at work. Additionally, 90 percent of full-time workers are covered by company pensions. The typical retiree receives nearly 95 percent of average pre-retirement, take-home pay. The poorest pensioners receive an annual payment of 7,800 kroner ($1,400). The retirement age is 65, rising to 67 starting in 2024. After 2025, the retirement age will be indexed to life expectancy to account for longer lifespans.
丹麦：丹麦提供了一个基本的政府养老金和补充的好处，人们接受他们的收入不涨。政府的养老金基金在支付你去从税收基础。还有一个的基础上工作的个人的贡献的政府养老金。此外，百分之90的全职员工被公司养老金。典型的退休人员接到近百分之95的平均退休前，拿回家的薪水。最贫穷的退休金每年支付7800克朗（1400美元）。退休年龄是65，上升到67，从2024开始。2025年后，退休年龄将被索引的预期寿命占寿命更长
